Despite the intensity of the eruptions, Kelley notes that marine animals—including whales, fish, and octopuses—are unlikely to be harmed. Humans likely won’t notice anything at all. “You won’t see explosive ash or lava fountains above water—it’s very mild because of the water pressure,” she said.

Most Volcanic Activity Happens Underwater

Kelley points out that most volcanic activity on Earth happens at underwater spreading ridges like Juan de Fuca. Axial’s magma sits unusually close to the surface, just a mile down, making it easier to monitor compared to land-based volcanoes.

A Chance to Witness a Rare Event

Because of Axial Seamount’s location and relatively gentle behavior, scientists plan to livestream its next eruption for the public—a first of its kind.

Capturing an underwater eruption is difficult. The first direct observation occurred in April when researchers diving off the East Pacific Rise stumbled upon an eruption in progress. Instead of the usual bustling vents, they found scorched remnants of life and lava solidifying in icy seawater. “It’s a rare and powerful moment,” said Dan Fornari of WHOI. “We’re literally watching the Earth build itself.”

Tides, the Moon, and Eruption Timing

Interestingly, past eruptions in 1998, 2011, and 2015 all occurred between January and April, when Earth is farthest from the sun. Scientists suspect that the moon’s gravitational pull, which causes ocean tides, may influence volcanic pressure. These tidal changes alter seafloor pressure and stress the caldera, potentially triggering eruptions when the magma chamber nears critical mass.

“We’re just beginning to understand how interconnected these forces really are,” Wilcock said.